Abstract
Technology of the periodic isobaric sucrose evaporative crystallization is widely used in the sugar industry. Its further use is constrained by the presence of significant drawbacks. Technology continuous crystallization of sucrose to date in Russia has not received commercial distribution. Out of this situation is seen in alternative technology of sucrose crystallization. In this article, the authors investigated the possibility of optimizing one of the stages of sugar crystallization. At the stage of Isobaric crystallization one of the promising directions is the introduction of vacuum devices of continuous action, which allows to significantly increase the efficiency of the process, degree of automation and to overcome the disadvantages of periodic boiling. A significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of this technology is the high capital costs. Therefore, we conducted a thorough analysis of the most relevant optimization schemes under boiling magma. The proposed technology allows semi-continuous crystallization to achieve results comparable to continuous crystallization, without significant changes in hardware design and, consequently, without substantial investment. At the stage of polythermal crystallization in the environment of the program Vissim on the basis of mathematical laws was modeled the process of crystallization by cooling. The obtained data allow to establish the optimal time of crystallization affecting the technological, physicochemical and thermal characteristics of the process. The implementation of the proposed alternative technologies crystallization of sucrose in the sugar business will significantly increase the productivity of all grocery Department, will reduce fuel consumption and increase the output of finished products.

Abstract
Expediency of use of regulators of growth for increase in productivity, increase commodity and tastes and a keeping of fruits is proved. On the basis of the received results recommendations about use of regulators of growth in production plantings of trees of an apple-tree are made. In our researches we estimated a keeping of the apples of winter term of consumption processed by various regulators of growth. At use of regulators of growth natural losses of mass of fruits at storage were lower in comparison with control that it is possible to explain with faster maturing. As a result of the conducted researches it is possible to claim about essential influence of the studied growth regulators on increase in an exit of standard production in the course of storage. In all options under the influence of growth regulators the exit of commodity fruits was higher in comparison with control. At use of regulators of growth there was an increase in mass of fruits, thus some acceleration of process of maturing of fruits that was a consequence of blocking of biosynthesis of gibberellin was observed. As a result of the accelerated maturing of fruits resistance of fruits to suntan considerably increased. It is known that the grade Northern Sinap in the course of storage is susceptible to suntan, however as a result of use of the regulator of growth of Bouton the percent of the fruits damaged by this disease was lower, than at control for 12.7%. Thus, use of synthetic regulators of growth, such as, Bouton and Mival-Agro, can significantly accelerate maturing and improve a keeping of fruits of an apple-tree. Thus it is necessary to consider biological features and a susceptibility of various grades to diseases in the course of storage.

Abstract
The article presents the data on the way to improve the beef quality due to the use of extruded feed supplement in the diet of the fattening calves. Based on the studies performed, we have developed a new feed supplement according to the following formulation: chickpeas grits and pumpkin cattle cake were mixed in the ratio of 60-70 to 30-40%, slightly moistened with 9-10 pH-activated water, and subjected to the extrusion process. The investigation was carried out at a production base, the collective farm "Plodovitoye", Republic of Kalmykia. For the study, two groups of calves of Kalmyk breed (on the pairs principle) at the age of 10 months were selected, 20 heads in each. Young animals in the control group were fed chickpeas as a part of a base diet; in the experimental group, there was used a dietary supplement in the form of an extruded mixture of chickpea grits and pumpkin cake, pre-moistened with 9-10 pH-activated water. The study has found that the experimental calves fed the extruded feed supplement were significantly superior to their counterparts in the control group with respect to the average daily gain. The evaluation of the beef quality has shown that the meat from the calves in the experimental group contained more dry matter, protein, and fat in comparison to the control group. The technology of high-quality extruded feed using wastes from the oilseed and chickpea grits production was developed. The proposed method of fattening young beef cattle would greatly increase the high-quality beef production.

Abstract
Currently, the rhythm of life and environmental situation requires modern scientific community to pay more attention to the developments in the food industry. The chemical composition of traditional and non-traditional vegetable raw materials is a necessary and important stage in the design process (develop) a new generation of food products with desired characteristics and enriched with biologically active substances. The aim of this work was to study the content of polyphenols in spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) varieties "Marquis". On the basis of vegetative raw material was obtained aqueous extract. Using spectrophotometric and chromatographic analytical methods, it was determined the total content of polyphenols in the extract. The total amount of flavonoids in aqueous spinach extract amounted to 36.60 mg/g. Of them in the greatest number contained apiin (16.11 mg/g), diosmetin-7- apiozyl (1®2) glycosid (the total amount of the two isomers 5.63 mg/g). Proanthocyanidin and catechins contained in trace amounts (< 50 mg/kg and < 10 mg/kg, respectively). The obtained data differ from results of other studies have found that spinach in the greatest number contains quercetin and its derivatives (total content of 119 mg per 100 g fresh material). And 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-6:7?methylenedioxyphenyl 4'-O-glucuronide (37 mg/100 g). According to literature data the high content apiana more common varieties of parsley (up to 11.89 mg/100 g). The difference of the polyphenolic composition of the extract with previously obtained data, can be explained in terms of spinach varieties of Marquis and the same extraction conditions. Based on the obtained data we can conclude that the spinach varieties "Marquis" is a food raw material with high content of polyphenols, particularly the flavonoid apiin and can be used in the composition of specialized products, as a source of biologically-active substances.

Abstract
Data of long-term phenological observations on the vegetable pea development show a strong direct relationship between "from sprout up to technical maturity" period duration and the process temperature with the correlation coefficients within the range 0.7 to 0.9. At the same time the shape of functional relationship between "from seeding up to sprouts" period duration and the sum of the average daily air temperature has not been defined. Three different-maturingvegetable pea varieties have been chosen as objects of investigation. They are early-maturing" Alpha", middle-maturing "Prevoschodny" ("Superior" in Russian pronunciation) and late-maturing" Iyulsky" ("July" in Russian pronunciation). The shape of functional relationship between the seed germination dynamic and germinating temperature in the range 5 to 35 °C at discreteness 5 °C has been investigated. It has been found that this parameter is pretty close to parabolic for all of varieties. All appropriate statistical characteristics and the coefficients of the obtained equations have been calculated. Their analysis shows that found functional relationship between investigated factors is really strong. In accordance with the value of correlation ratio essentiality criteria h the all functional relationshipsare significant at a ? 0.05. It is shown that for sprouting beginning the early-maturing variety seeds require a sum of active temperatures which is third higher than the late-maturing variety seeds do. If the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola be considered as an indicator that characterizes the requirements of seed germination temperature, the axis of symmetry of the parabola x0 can be taken as the base temperature and y0 - for the amount of heat required to start sprouting. Experimental results based on a small sample and can not be considered conclusive. For reliable support of the proposed conclusions, experiments need to hold on to more varieties of different earliness. If the results are confirmed, may significantly clarify the recommendations for the spring sowing vegetable pea. In particular, in the Krasnodar region will be more appropriate in the February sowing window of mid and late varieties and early-maturing - in the best agro-technical terms.

Abstract
Grain forages contain hardly hydrolyzable and inhibiting substances that impede their digestibility by young and monogastric farm animals and poultry. High content of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides in grain feed increases the digesta viscosity, impedes nutrients hydrolysis and absorption through the intestinal walls, causes protein complexes formation reducing its digestibility and contributing to the development of pathogenic microflora in the gut. It results in disruption of digestion, reduces productivity and increases the feed consumption. To improve the nutritional value of grain feed, xylanase and protease enzyme preparations are widely used. Xylanases hydrolyse the main non-starch polysaccharide of cereals - arabinoxylan, forming prebiotic oligosaccharides. Proteases provide the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract microflora by reducing the amount of undigested protein in the intestine promoting the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. The maximum effect is achieved by combined application of xylanase and protease enzyme preparations. The efficacy of hydrolysis of grain raw materials, most commonly used in fodder production for monogastric animals: rye, wheat, triticale, DDGS, by a complex enzyme preparation Penicillopepsin was assessed. The efficacy of Penicillopepsin was assayed in comparison with concentrated commercially available feed enzyme preparations of xylanase - Palpfor 2 and of fungal acid protease - Acid Protease. The results obtained showed that complex preparation Penicillopepsin possessing proteolytic and hemicellulolytic (xylanase) activity was more efficient in grain and DDGS polymers hydrolysis as compared to monoenzymatic commercial preparations. Penicillopepsin provided significant increase in the yield of soluble protein and sugars. Studies have shown the feasibility of Penicillopepsin application in the production of grain-based feed.

Abstract
Two-fold mollusks are perspective food raw materials not only for traditional use as a part of a diet, but also as sources of unique biologically active agents of sea genesis. Studying of the general chemical and mineral composition of acid hydrolyzates from food parts of a two-fold mollusk of a spizula of Sakhalin (Spisula sachalinensis) was a research objective. Objects of research were acid hydrolyzates from a muscle and a cloak of a two-fold mollusk of a spizula of Sakhalin. It is established that at modification including acid hydrolysis, there is a transition of part of mineral elements to the received hydrolyzate. At hydrolyzates from a cloak and a muscle of a two-fold mollusk of a spizula of Sakhalin there are 4 macrocells among which ions of sodium and potassium are prevailing. According to the content of sodium hydrolyzates from a cloak and a muscle not significantly differ from each other - for only 9%. The hydrolyzate from a cloak is characterized by significantly higher content of magnesium in comparison with a muscle hydrolyzate - by 2.4 times. It should be noted the high content of calcium in a hydrolyzate from a muscle - more by 2.88 times, than in a hydrolyzate from a cloak. The use of a hydrolyzate as a component of food system in number of 100 g will allow to satisfy need of a human body for sodium for 12.6-13.7%, in magnesium for 10.5-25.3%. It is defined that acid hydrolyzates from food parts of a two-fold mollusk of a spizula of Sakhalin contain 10 mineral microcells among which there are an iron, iodine and selenium absolutely necessary for a human body. The hydrolyzate from a cloak is characterized by the high content of chrome, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum and selenium. The hydrolyzate from a muscle is characterized by the high content of nickel, cobalt, zinc and iodine. The use of a hydrolyzate as a component of food system in number of 100 g will allow to satisfy need of a human body for chrome for 34-50%, in marganese for 43.5-92,5%, in iron for 30.5%, in cobalt - for 50-70%, in zinc for 13-17%, in molybdenum for 50-57%, in iodine for 26.7-33.3%. The obtained experimental data of the contents macro- and microcells of acid hydrolyzates from a cloak and a muscle of a two-fold mollusk of a spizula of Sakhalin show their wide mineral structure that can be used in technology of foodstuff for enrichment by the mineral elements necessary for a human body.

Abstract
The article is focused on bioconversion of agricultural cellulosic wastes (milled wheat bran and sugar cane bagasse) by enzyme compositions on the basis of cellobiohydrolase I (CBH1) from filamentous fungi Penicillium verruculosum and P. canescens, previously obtained and purified to a homogeneous state in the Laboratory of Enzyme Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences. Crude P. verruculosum cellulase preparation was also used in the experiments. The efficiency of bioconversion of selected raw materials by the enzymes under study was compared with that of CBH1 from the fungus Trichoderma reesei, as well as full cellulolytic complex of T. reesei (commercial preparation Celluclast 1.5 L, Novozymes company, Denmark). Three artificially created enzyme compositions were mixes of CBH1 (0.1 mg/ml) with purified beta-glucosidase (BG) from Aspergillus niger (0.5 U/ml). Three other compositions additionally contained endoglucanase II (EG2) of P. verruculosum (0.02 mg/ml). When the hydrolysis of bagasse in the presence of only BG was carried out, the highest glucose yield throughout the enzymatic reaction provided CBH1 of P. canescens, while CBH1 of T. reesei and P. verruculosum were less active against this substrate. However, for mixes containing EG2 the P. verruculosum CBH1 was the most effective, and this composition was even better than the commercial T. reesei preparation. During the hydrolysis of wheat bran the differences between cellobiohydrolases from different fungi were less pronounced, the glucose yields for P. verruculosum CBH1 in all mixes being only slightly higher than those for cellobiohydrolases of P. canescens and T. reesei. Thus, it was shown that cellobiohydrolases from Penicillium fungi, as components of multienzyme cellulase compositions, may become an alternative to CBH1 of T. reesei, the major component of commercial preparations widely used in different countries for enzymatic hydrolysis of renewable lignocellulosic feedstocks. These results are important for the development of a new generation of enzyme preparations based on mutant strains of Penicillium species for bioconversion of agricultural wastes.

Abstract
The influence of a weak electric field generated by an alternating current on micromycetes Aspergillus niger - the produtsent of citric acid was investigate. Conidia of Aspergillus niger in the form of sporous suspension were subjected to an electric field in a three-chamber electrosorptions column equipped with semipermeable membranes, segnetokeramicheskoy nozzle and two platinum electrodes. As a result of researches chosen optimum parameters of processing spores (conidia) Aspergillus niger electric field (electric field intensity 10 V/cm, flow rate 10 ml/min and exposure time of the electric field 10 min) at which a homogeneous monodisperse suspension is formed. It was established, that influence of electric field stimulates process of the germination of spores. Start of spores growing in the experimental variants in 2-2.5 hours was observed. After 6 hours the percent of germinating spores reached 95%, the length of sprouts 600 microns. After 8 hours of growth, the formation of mycelium is observed. In the control variants only after 12 hours the percent of germinating spores was 85%, with an average size of conidia was 1.2 times less than in the experimental variants. It was established, that the effect of the electric field on the fungus Aspergillus niger conidia causes an increase in the biological activity of the culture: the transition to an active acid production in fungus occurs within 6-10 hours, and in the control variants reference for 18-24 hours. The respiratory activity of conidia-producing fungus, exposed to an electric field was explored. It is shown, that during the first days the oxygen consumption rate and of carbon dioxide release are highered up in the experimental cycles. It was found, that the introduction of a factor electroprocessing spores in technological process activates the biosynthesis of citric acid: conversion of sugar into citric acid on molasses media increase by 13.9%, on saharozomineralnyh media by 8.5% compared with the preparation of conidia adopted technology. As a result, conducted studies the feasibility of processing conidia of the fungus Aspergillus niger by field generated by an alternating electric current to activate the biosynthesis of citric acid was shown.

Abstract
Traditional sources of collagen is split leather hides of cattle. Recently, however, due to the disease spongiform encephalopathy (cow furiousness) and the threat of human transmission of the virus, as well as due to production cuts of beef, more and more scientists interested in the search for alternative sources, such as fish bioresources. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of using the skin of freshwater fish as a potential source of collagen. Fish raw materials were obtained on a fish processing plant LLC "Fosforel" (Voronezh). Research carried out in research laboratories Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology. As a result of experiments it was studied the chemical composition of different types of fish skins. Mass fraction of moisture varies from 73.01% for the skin of carp to silver carp at 76.84%. Mass fraction of protein ranged from 18.59% in pike up 16.5% from the silver carp. The fat content of more than pike - 4.79%, less than the carp - 7.39%. Ash and therefore, mineral substances, carp contained 1.73% and 1.38% in silver carp. Research fractional composition showed that prevailing fraction of all the investigated fish skins is alkali-soluble, the maximum of which is noted in the case of carp, which has been selected for further studies. Were selected and substantiated conditions and reagents for the modification of the connective tissue to produce collagen. During the experiment, it was found that the highest mass noted in the output processing of fish skins with an aqueous solution of acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5%, and the lowest in the case of succinic acid at a concentration of 0.1%. The optimal duration of 24 hours of soaking. That is confirmed by determining swellability and study changes in the microstructure of the skins of freshwater fish. The established regularities justify processing modes skins fish inland waters for the collagen dispersion of different functionality. Comparative analysis of collagenous substances of animal and fish origin showed that fish collagen, their properties are not inferior collagen derived from animal sources.